Journal:
Bibliotheca Sacra
Volume:
BSAC 074:296 (Oct 1917)
Article:
Christ In The Epistle To The Hebrews
Author: Ernest W. Burch
Ernest W. Burch
Mitchell,
So. Dak.
It is
probably vain to speculate as to who were the first readers of this Epistle.
But it is easy to see that the occasion of it was the existing need of emphasis
upon the spiritual
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 614
presence
of Christ in the world. Very likely in this second half of the first century, a
generation after Jesus had arisen from the dead, too many still put their faith
in the historical Jesus and bemoaned the fact that he had died. Hence the
emphasis in our Epistle upon the "throne of grace," the Session at
the right hand of God, and the "sameness" of Christ, "yesterday,
to-day, and forever."
Jesus
is presented under each of three different aspects. He is Son, King, and
Priest. It will be convenient to study the exposition in that order.
This is
the first name that greets the reader. On the one hand, "the
prophets," by whom revelation came in the past; on the other, the son (a
son) in whom all revelation finds its climax. The latter is supreme among
prophets, distinguished men like Moses and Aaron, even among angels (3:2-5;
4:8).
Congruous
with the statement that the Son is begotten (1:5) he is said to be heir of all
things, and to bear such an unique likeness to the Father that he is "the
effulgence of his glory, and the very image of his substance" (1:3). One
is reminded of what Jesus himself said to his contemporaries, "He that
beholdeth me beholdeth him that sent me" (John 12:45). And to Philip, when
he asked, "Lord, show us the Father," the answer was, "He that
hath seen me hath seen the Father" (John 14:9).
It is
not at all likely that the first readers of the Epistle to the Hebrews
questioned whether Jesus enjoyed an "eternal preexistence" or not.
The writer's high purpose was achieved when he had shown that the Son was
entitled to any appellation or characteristic that befits God. He is a sorry
quibbler who can read the first chapter of Hebrews and doubt the essential
divinity of Christ.
A being
who was present and creatively active at the creation (1:2) not only of this
earth, but of "the worlds." and who sustains an immanent relation to
creation, yea, "uphold-
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 615
ing all things by the word of his power"
(1:3), needs not to have his divinity interpreted, or explained away.
The
term "son" as here used does not seem to refer to the human nature of
Jesus, although our writer is very fond of showing the reality of the human
side of the Lord. The term "son "seems rather to be chosen to relate
this humanly conditioned and natured man to the divine Father of all. Certainly
the choice of the human name Jesus leads the writer to magnify the facts of his
human experience. His human ancestry appears in 7:14: "It is evident that
our Lord hath sprung out of Judah." He was surrounded and beset by human
conditions of suffering and even death. This is made apparent repeatedly in the
Epistle. The son is "made perfect through suffering," and partakes of
the besetments of his brethren, being made like them in all things, else he
could not properly sympathize with or help them (2:17, 18; 5:2).
The reference to the
perfection of Jesus and his mastery of obedience through his human experience
points
to
immaturity in his humanity, but nowhere implies that he was ever disobedient or
imperfect morally. The immaturity may be reflected in the confession, "Of
that day and hour knoweth . . . not even . . . the Son, but the Father
only" (Matt. 24:36). And another of the Synoptics (Luke 2:52) tells us
that Jesus "advanced in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and
men."
No
doubt the man who wrote the Epistle under review was familiar with much of the
synoptic material; in fact, he gives us at times even further details than
there set forth. He knew of the temptation (2:18; 4:15); and in reference to
the agony in the garden (5:7-10) he says: "Who in the days of his flesh,
having offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto
him that was able to save him from death, and having been heard for his godly
fear, though he was a Son, yet learned obedience by the things which he
suffered." "Tempted in all points, like as
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 616
we
are," points to a knowledge of more than the three typical temptations of
the wilderness.
In the
view of this writer, the name "Son "was applicable a generation after
his death. Whatever it predicates of Jesus still inheres in him. For to sin
deliberately against Christ is to "crucify to themselves the Son of God
afresh, and put him to an open shame" (6:6).
The
references to the kingship of Jesus are indirect rather than direct, as in the
case of his sonship. The disappointment of a band of disciples who had hoped
that "this was he who should have redeemed Israel "lingered fully a generation
after the ascension. The First Gospel had as its chief aim, doubtless, the
establishment of Jesus as the King of the Jews and to vindicate the ancient
prophecies as fulfilled, after all, in his life and death. Our writer would
turn the attention of his friends in the Gospel from the details of a life
lived in the flesh to a life lived in and with them, from the historical Jesus
to the mystically present Christ. Hence his emphasis upon the "Session
"of Christ at the right hand of the Father and the practical value of the
"throne of grace."
The
"Session" is mentioned at least twelve times, in such phrases as:
"sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high" (1:3); "sat
down on the right hand of God" (10:13); "Thy throne, O God, is for
ever and ever" (1:8); and "entered . . . into heaven itself"
(9:24). (So 1:13; 4:14; 7:26; 8:1; 2:9; 4:16, and other places.)
The
analogy between Melchizedek and Jesus carries with it royal dignity as well as
priestly functions. The Messianic expectation of the Jews was cast in the
kingly form, hence the necessity for our writer to emphasize the real kingly
nature of Jesus. The Epistle dwells little upon the details of the passion of
Christ, even passing over the resurrection without a mention, unless it be the
benediction in 13:20, "who brought again from the dead the great shepherd
of the sheep."
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 617
This
silence on the great topic so precious to Paul and so elaborately treated in
the Synoptics and the Fourth Gospel may be variously explained. The most likely
explanation seems to be the desire to impress the reader with the fact of a
present and living Christ. To this end, details of the passion and even of the
resurrection would only detract. Note the exhortations in the Epistle; as, "Consider
. . . Jesus, . . . for he hath been accounted worthy of more glory than Moses.
. . . Take heed, . . . lest there shall be in any one of you an evil heart of
unbelief, in falling away from the living God" (3:1-12). Again, the
"throne" upon which Jesus the King sits is called the "throne of
grace." "Let us- draw near with boldness unto the throne of grace,
that we may receive mercy, and may find grace to help in time of need"
(iv. 16).
Christ the High Priest appears often in the
Epistle. Sometimes the priestly function seems closely interwoven with the
royal and filial; for, as the reader is urged to draw near unto the
"throne of grace" with boldness, so he is exhorted (10:21
ff.):"Having a great priest over the house of God; let us draw near with a
true heart in fulness of faith . . . and so much the more, as ye see the day
drawing nigh."
A
remarkable analogy is drawn between a certain Old Testament character,
Melchizedek, and Christ. An expression in the One Hundred and Tenth Psalm is
coupled with one in the Second Psalm and applied to Jesus (5:5, 6; 7:17):—
"Thou art my Son, This
day have I begotten thee: As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest
for ever After the order of Melchizedek."
There
is scarcely any need, knowing the general manner in which Alexandrian writers
used the Old Testament, to find too close a resemblance between Melchizedek and
Christ. All one needs to know of the former is that he was not of the
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 618
regular
priestly line, i.e. of the tribe of Levi, as, in fact, Jesus was not (Heb.
7:14). Yet Melchizedek was greater than Levi; for Levi, in the person of his
ancestor, Abraham, paid tithes to Melchizedek (7:9, 10), and the lesser pays
tithes to the greater. So the priesthood of Jesus has nothing to do with the
Levitical priesthood, but is far superior to it. There are many particulars in
which that of Christ excels.
In the
first place, ordinary priests are men of infirmity (7:28); while Jesus is
"holy, guileless, undefiled, separated from sinners, and made higher than
the heavens" (7:26). Again, the legal priesthood is inadequate. The
argument is: "If there was perfection through the Levitical priesthood,
what further need was there that another priest should arise after the order of
Melchizedek, and not be reckoned after the order of Aaron?" (7:11). That
this new priest is better, yea, even perfect, is confessed in the saying,
"Wherefore also he is able to save to the uttermost them that draw-near
unto God through him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them"
(7:25). The writer has just shown that the priests of the law are continually
dying, and that the law itself never made anything perfect (7:19, 23).
As to
their respective sacrifices, the Levitical priests go into the holy place of
the temple once a year, with certain sacrifices. But these things of themselves
do not take away sins. The reader supposedly admits that this ceremony is only
a shadow of something real, a type of something to come, since the same thing
is done over and over, year after year (10:1). It is not possible that the
blood of bulls and goats could purify a human heart from sin (10:4).
But the
High-priest Jesus never ministered in the Temple at Jerusalem. His sacrifice is
not performed at stated times. For once and for all he offered, not the blood
of animals, but his own blood (9:23-28). The comparison is clearly shown:
"For if the blood of goats and bulls, and the ashes of a heifer . . . sanctify
unto the cleanness of the flesh: how much more shall, the blood of Christ . . .
cleanse your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?" (9:13,
14).
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 619
Furthermore,
since the sanctuary in Jerusalem is not the scene of Jesus' priesthood, we must
look elsewhere for the "holy place "into which he entered. The writer
identifies it with heaven: "For Christ entered not into a holy place made
with hands, like in pattern to the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear
before the face of God for us" (9:24).
The
atonement of Christ is a fact apart from all theory. The fact is dependable.
"We may have a strong encouragement, who have fled for refuge to lay hold
of the hope set before us, which we have as an anchor of the soul" (6:18,
19). Yet it is possible to neglect even so great a salvation as this offered in
Christ (2:3).
The
death of Christ has more than mere subjective value. This writer believes that
"apart from shedding of blood there is 90 remission" (9:22). He
plainly states: "Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people
through his own blood, suffered without the gate" (13:12). The believer
must act. "Let us therefore go forth unto him without the camp, bearing
his reproach" (13:13). It is necessary to draw near unto God through Jesus
before he is able to save to the uttermost.
The
divinity of Christ is not a mere speculative dogma with this writer. It is life
in and through and for sinful men. He is the Son made perfect, it is true, but
perfected through his ministry for men. Hence we have not an high priest who
cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities. Jesus has such perfect
sympathy with men that he can succor them in their deepest woes and darkest
sins.
Only
practical lessons come from this treatise, after all. It is a study of the
living Christ, ever present because spiritually accessible. If he were on earth
bodily Jesus could not be a priest at all (8:4); but the throne of grace, to
which access is had by a "new and living way" (10:19), is a universal
boon. To paraphrase a remark of Deissmann's, Christology, as a theological
science, stands brooding beside an
BSac 74:296 (Oct 1917) p. 620
empty
grave: Christianity as a life of hope, the life thought of by our writer,
stands face to face with the Living Presence, the Son, the King, but most of
all, the Priest, at the Throne of Grace.
Ernest
W. Burch.
Mitchell,
So. Dak.
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